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Title
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Experimental and computational study on the structure and properties of herz cations and radicals: 1,2,3-benzodithiazolium, 1,2,3-benzodithiazolyl, and their Se congeners
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Author
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Abstract
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| Salts of 1,2,3-benzodithiazolium (1), 2,1,3-benzothiaselenazolium (3), and 1,2,3-benzodiselenazolium (4) (Herz cations), namely, [1][BF4], [1][SbCl6], [3][BF4], [3][GaCl4], [3][SbCl6], and [4][GaCl4], were prepared from the corresponding chlorides and NaBF4, GaCl3, or SbCl5. It was found that [1][SbCl6] and [3][SbCl6] spontaneously transform in MeCN solution to [1](3)[SbCl6](2)[0] and [3](3)[SbCl6](2)[Cl], respectively. [1][BF4], [1](3)[SbCl6](2)[Cl], [3][BF4], [3](3)[SbCl6](2)[Cl], and [4]-[GaCl4] were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). In solution, these [BF4](-) and [GaCl4](-) salts as well as [1][GaCl4], [2][GaCl4], [3][GaCl4], [3][Cl], and [4][Cl] were characterized by multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The corresponding Hen radicals 1(center dot)-4(center dot) were obtained in toluene and DCM solutions by the reduction of the appropriate salts with Ph3Sb and characterized by EPR. Cations 1-4 and radicals 1(center dot)-4(center dot) were investigated computationally at the density functional theory (DFT) and second-order Moller-Plesset (MP2) levels of theory. The B1B95/cc-pVTZ method was found to satisfactorily reproduce the experimental geometries of 1-4; an increase in the basis set size to cc-pVQZ results in only minor changes. For both 1-4 and 1(center dot)-4(center dot), the Hirshfeld charges and bond orders, as well as the Hirshfeld spin densities for the radicals, were calculated using the B IB95/cc-pVQZ method. It was found for both the cations and the radicals that replacing S atoms with Se atoms leads to considerable changes in the atomic charges, bond lengths, and bond orders only at the involved and the neighboring sites. According to the calculations, 60% of the positive charge in the cations and 80% of the spin density in the radicals is localized on the heterocycles, with the spin density distributions being very similar for all radicals 1(center dot)-4(center dot). For the cations 1-4, the NICS values (B3LYP/cc-pVTZ for B1B95/cc-pVTZ geometries) lie in the narrow range from -5.5 ppm to -6.6 ppm for the carbocycles, and from -14.4 ppm to -15.5 ppm for heterocycles, clearly indicating the aromaticity of the cations. Calculations on radical dimers [1(center dot)](2)-[4(center dot)](2) revealed, with only one exception, positive dimerization energies, i.e., the dimers are inherently unstable in the gas phase. |
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Language
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English
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Source (journal)
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Inorganic chemistry / American Chemical Society. - Easton, Pa
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Publication
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Easton, Pa
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2013
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ISSN
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0020-1669
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DOI
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10.1021/IC302203T
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Volume/pages
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52
:7
(2013)
, p. 3699-3710
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ISI
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000317094300031
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Full text (Publisher's DOI)
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