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Title
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Bladder cancer diagnosis and follow-up : the current status and possible role of extracellular vesicles
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Author
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Abstract
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| Diagnostic methods currently used for bladder cancer are cystoscopy and urine cytology. Cystoscopy is an invasive tool and has low sensitivity for carcinoma in situ. Urine cytology is non-invasive, is a low-cost method, and has a high specificity but low sensitivity for low-grade urothelial tumors. Despite the search for urinary biomarkers for the early and non-invasive detection of bladder cancer, no biomarkers are used at the present in daily clinical practice. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recently studied as a promising source of biomarkers because of their role in intercellular communication and tumor progression. In this review, we give an overview of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved urine tests to detect bladder cancer and why their use is not widespread in clinical practice. We also include non-FDA approved urinary biomarkers in this review. We describe the role of EVs in bladder cancer and their possible role as biomarkers for the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder cancer patients. We review recently discovered EV-derived biomarkers for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. |
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Language
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English
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Source (journal)
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International journal of molecular sciences
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Publication
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Basel
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Mdpi
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2019
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ISSN
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1422-0067
1661-6596
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DOI
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10.3390/IJMS20040821
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Volume/pages
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20
:4
(2019)
, 18 p.
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Article Reference
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821
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ISI
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000460805400029
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Pubmed ID
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30769831
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Medium
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E-only publicatie
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Full text (Publisher's DOI)
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Full text (open access)
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