|
Title
|
|
|
|
Organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in a Chinese population : significance of hydroxylated metabolites and implication for human exposure
|
|
|
Author
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
| Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants, plasticizers and defoamers and their exposure are likely associated with a number of adverse effects in humans. In this study, tris(chloroethyl) phosphate and thirteen OPE metabolites including six hydroxylated OPEs (HO-OPEs) were analyzed in 46 urine samples, collected from 8 provinces located across different regions in China. 1-Hydroxy-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP) and 2-hydroxyethyl bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEHEP) were major metabolites of their parent compounds with detection frequencies of 54.3%–89.1%, which were all higher than their corresponding OPE diesters (2.2%–6.5%). The urine-based estimated daily intake (EDI) of OPEs ranged from 0.06 ng/kg·bw for tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) to 273 ng/kg·bw for 2-ethylhexyl phenyl phosphate. Analyzed with concentrations in paired dust samples, dust exposure to OPEs and their diesters may explain 0.28%–23.8% of the urine-based EDI of OPEs and the contribution of dust TBOEP was the highest. Although direct exposure to OPE diesters in dust showed a minor contribution, their intake via food and drinking water may account for a larger portion of urinary OPE metabolites. Overall, the hazard quotients of four OPEs indicated no immediate exposure risk for the investigated Chinese residents but the cumulative and long-term chronic effects involving exposure to other OPEs and OPE diesters are worth further concerns. |
|
|
|
Language
|
|
|
|
English
|
|
|
Source (journal)
|
|
|
|
Environmental pollution. - London, 1987, currens
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Environmental pollution (1987)
|
|
|
Publication
|
|
|
|
London
:
2020
|
|
|
ISSN
|
|
|
|
0269-7491
[print]
1873-6424
[online]
|
|
|
DOI
|
|
|
|
10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2019.113633
|
|
|
Volume/pages
|
|
|
|
257
(2020)
, 9 p.
|
|
|
Article Reference
|
|
|
|
113633
|
|
|
ISI
|
|
|
|
000514746800129
|
|
|
Pubmed ID
|
|
|
|
31761590
|
|
|
Medium
|
|
|
|
E-only publicatie
|
|
|
Full text (Publisher's DOI)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Full text (open access)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Full text (publisher's version - intranet only)
|
|
|
|
|
|